Retrieved 6 July 2026
Since their introduction, vaping devices have been studied for the numerous potentially harmful chemicals they can introduce into users, including: heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, lead), plastic-related toxic gases (like cyanide and phosgene), volatile organic compounds, ultrafine particles, and diacetyl flavoring (linked to a chronic pulmonary syndrome known as popcorn lung, which is not as appealing as it sounds) 4
Data analysis Item reduction and internal construct validity: Assessed through the application of the RMT analyses 71 aiming at comparing observed data against the stringent criteria of the Rasch model (see Supplementary Table S3 for more details on the definition and acceptability criteria for RMT analysis)
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