doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1798089 Received 28 January 2026 Revised 26 February 2026 Accepted 27 February 2026 Published 01 April 2026 Volume 17 - 2026 Edited by Eva Szabo, University of Pcs, Hungary Reviewed by Subhajit Hazra, LIFE-To & Beyond, India Francesco Cadario, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy Updates Copyright 2026 Liu, Zhang, Guo and Liu
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1 Introduction Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin, that plays an essential role in cellular metabolism, particularly in DNA synthesis, methylation processes, and mitochondrial functions ( Lactobacillus spp ) (LeBlanc et al., 2013), which are also found in the gastrointestinal tract of herbivorous animals, where the synthesis of B12 occurs and the vitamin can be acquired in animal tissues